IT

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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

IT - Information Technology
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Mathematical Logic: Propositional Logic; First Order Logic.
Probability: Conditional Probability; Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation; Random Variables; Distributions; uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson, Binomial.
Set Theory & Algebra: Sets; Relations; Functions; Groups; Partial Orders; Lattice; Boolean Algebra.
Combinatorics: Permutations; Combinations; Counting; Summation; generating functions; recurrence relations; asymptotics.
Graph Theory: Connectivity; spanning trees; Cut vertices & edges; covering; matching; independent sets; Colouring; Planarity; Isomorphism.
Linear Algebra: Algebra of matrices, determinants, systems of linear equations, Eigen values and Eigen vectors.
Numerical Methods: LU decomposition for systems of linear equations; numerical solutions of non-linear algebraic equations by Secant, Bisection and Newton-Raphson Methods; Numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules.
Calculus: Limit, Continuity & differentiability, Mean value Theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite & improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivatives, maxima & minima.
FORMAL LANGUAGES AND AUTOMATA
Regular Languages: finite automata, regular expressions, regular grammar.
Context free languages: push down automata, context free grammars
COMPUTER HARDWARE
Digital Logic: Logic functions, minimization, design and synthesis of combinatorial and sequential circuits, number representation and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point)
Computer organization: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and data path, hardwired and microprogrammed control, memory interface, I/O interface (interrupt and DMA mode), serial communication interface, instruction pipelining, cache, main and secondary storage
SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
Data structures and Algorithms: the notion of abstract data types, stack, queue, list, set, string, tree, binary search tree, heap, graph, tree and graph traversals, connected components, spanning trees, shortest paths, hashing, sorting, searching, design techniques (greedy, dynamic, divide and conquer, Algorithm design by induction), asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average cases) of time and space, upper and lower bounds, Basic concepts of complexity classes – P, NP, NP-hard, NP-complete.
Programming Methodology: Scope, binding, parameter passing, recursion, C programming – data types and declarations, assignment and control flow statements, 1-d and 2-d arrays, functions, pointers, concepts of object-oriented programming - classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, operator overloading.
Operating Systems (in the context of Unix): classical concepts (concurrency, synchronization, deadlock), processes, threads and interprocess communication, CPU scheduling, memory management, file systems, I/O systems, protection and security, shell programming.
Information Systems and Software Engineering: information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life cycle, planning and managing the project, design, coding, testing, implementation, maintenance.
Databases: E-R diagrams, relational model, database design, integrity constraints, normal forms, query languages (SQL), file structures (sequential, indexed), b-trees, transaction and concurrency control.
Data Communication and Networks: ISO/OSI stack, transmission media, data encoding, multiplexing, flow and error control, LAN technologies (Ethernet, token ring), network devices – switches, gateways, routers, ICMP, application layer protocols – SMTP, POP3, HTTP, DNS, FTP, Telnet, network security – basic concepts of public key and private key cryptography, digital signature, firewalls
Web technologies: Proxy, HTML, XML, basic concepts of cgi-bin programming.

IT INFORMATION

Information Technology in Sri Lanka
Telecommunications Infrastructure in Sri Lanka

Telephone availability in Sri Lanka is poor with waiting lists running into years in some areas. Most of the telephone exchanges use archaic technology, creating congestion at peak hours. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka estimates Sri Lanka's phone density at 0.93 per 100 people for a population of 18 million and with demand for fixed phones at nearly 282,000.
Sri Lanka allowed cellular phones in 1989 after it realized that was the quickest way to provide phones on the island. The island's cellular phone market is growing at 10% to 12% a month. In 1994 the number of cellular phones increased from 3,000 to 23,000 at year end, according to cellular phone firms. Sri Lanka Telecom (SLT) planned to install another 275,000 telephone lines, especially in rural areas, by the end of 1995. Analysts say this was far below the earlier target of 500,000 by that year and 800,000 by 2000. Foreign direct investment is urgently needed to help build the telecommunications infrastructure. The state-owned Sri Lanka Telecom, which now has a monopoly on land lines, is unable to expand its network fast enough due to lack of funds. The government plans to invest almost $600 million to improve telecommunications and add 385,600 lines to its existing network of 181,000 fixed lines by 1998. The Sri Lankan government recently unveiled plans for a a major telecommunications development package.
Due to the heavy public investment made in this sector during the last five years, Sri Lanka Telecom has expanded and modernised its service by replacing outdated switching systems and cable networks with modern and powerful digital switching systems. As a result, the capacity of exchanges and the number of direct telephone lines increased sharply and the quality of telephone service has substantially improved since 1993.
The country has started to privatize Telecom services in a bid to improve the telecommunication infrastructure. Deutsche Morgan Grenfell and the Development Finance Corp of Ceylon have won the tender to restructure Sri Lanka's telecommunications industry. The goals are to initially privatize at least 20 percent of Sri Lanka Telecom. The privatization trend should help in improving the telecommunication infrastructure in Sri Lanka.
Submarine cables extend from Sri Lanka to Indonesia and Djibouti. Currently there are two INTELSAT earth stations over Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean. The state owned Ceylinco, has teamed up with COMSAT to Launch Sri Lanka's first satellite services network. The project, which envisages linking Sri Lankan offices and even homes to multiple sources of information via satellite, will be the island's first network to use satellite exclusively, say its promoters, Ceycom Global Communication Ltd., a collaboration of the Ceylinco Group and Comsat Corporation, the major shareholder of the global INMARSAT & INTELSAT satellite networks.
A Rs. 2 billion (US$ 40 m) initial investment, the Ceycom network has promised to provide, in addition to the traditional needs of data and image transmission and Internet services, an exciting array of new applications such as distance education, tele-medicine, video conferencing, private networks and mobile data services will catapult Sri Lanka into a new age of information technology.
US telecom giant, MCI Communications has started commercial service on its TAT-12 fibre optic cable between the USA and Europe and with the system in place MCI can now offer additional fibre optic connectivity to Sri Lanka, Slovakia and Hungary. The TAT-12 is owned by a consortium of over 50 telecommunications carriers from 38 countries and spans 6,500 km in two optical pairs for 300,000 two-way channels.
There are four firms which operate cellular services in Sri Lanka - - MTN Networks (Pvt) Ltd, a joint venture between Telekom Malaysia and Sri Lanka's Maharaja Organization conglomerate, Celltel, Mobitel and Call Link. There are a estimated 30,000 cellular phones on the island.
Ceylinco Group's new project, using a VSAT-based global communications system in cooperation with COMSAT, USA should improve the telecommunications infrastructure of Sri Lanka, and do much to expedite the economic situation in the country.

SAP lays off undisclosed number of workers

SAP lays off undisclosed number of workers
by Chris Kanaracus
Be the first to comment 5I like it! Tags: layoff, SAP
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March 16, 2009, 02:59 PM — IDG News Service —
SAP laid off an undisclosed number of employees last week as part of its previously announced plan to trim 3,000 jobs, a company spokesman confirmed Monday.
The enterprise software giant had recently said it hoped to lower its headcount to 48,500 by taking "full advantage of attrition," but apparently that tactic alone has not been enough.
Comments on the cuts began to surface in recent days on the social messaging service Twitter, with one poster reporting that layoffs were made at SAP's Palo Alto, California, lab.
"The cuts were not directed at any one particular discipline or area of our business," said SAP spokesman Andy Kendzie. "It was really across the board."
Kendzie declined to provide details on the jobs affected.
Citing the "challenging economy," Kendzie added that beyond layoffs, SAP has been cutting costs such as travel expenses.
One laid-off SAP worker, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said SAP's move "wasn't unexpected, given how slow business has been. Everybody's been sitting around for a few months waiting for the other shoe to drop."
The ex-employee was a solution engineer at SAP, supporting sales account executives in the US by performing product demonstrations and needs analyses for customers.
The worker asked that information about the software area he specialized in be withheld from publication. But sales activity overall in his division had been slow of late, according to the worker, an indication that SAP customers are reluctant to buy new software licenses amid the recession.
SAP has indeed been cracking down hard on line items like travel, pushing employees to instead meet with customers through Web conferencing software, the worker said.
But SAP's management layer remains thick, and the company also may have overly bloated its employee ranks during flusher times, according to the worker: "When they hired people, they were hiring people in droves. That scared me."

Stress management

Stress management - 11 tips to help you sail through your job search
by Richard Bayer, Ph.D.
1 comment 77I like it! Tags: job search, stress management
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February 20, 2009, 02:41 PM —
Money woes. A sense of rejection. Questions and pressure from family and friends. An uncertain future. If you've recently lost your job, you know this dismal laundry list all too well. And while being forced into unemployment is never easy, the fact that it's happened in the middle of a terrible recession rife with lay-offs really amps up the stress. That's why it's crucial to take care of your mental health—and if you do the right stress-busting exercises, you'll also improve your odds of finding a job.
There are few experiences in modern life more stressful than losing a job, even if the job wasn't a very good one. It's all too easy to convince yourself that you'll never find another one. And besides being a terribly depressing mindset, it can turn into a self-fulfilling prophecy.
I've seen it all before: People who stay upbeat, approach their search with a sense of balance, and work diligently and consistently every day will find a job when they are using the right job-search techniques. Attitude counts for a lot more than you might think.
Here are a few suggestions from The Five O'Clock Club that will help you push through your job hunt stress and hear "You're hired!" in no time.
Realize it's okay to be "between jobs." When you have a job it's easy to tell the world what you do: "I'm a divisional controller at Roland Chemicals," "I'm an administrator at St. Matthew's Hospital," or "I'm a marketing manager at Southworth Paper." But when you don't have a job, "So what do you do?" becomes a dreaded question. We resort to a euphemism, "I'm between jobs." Ironically, many folks don't really believe they're between jobs—even though it is absolutely the truth.
You must learn to ignore the inner voice that in your darkest moments says, "I'll never get a good job again." When you tell people, "I'm between jobs," you assume they believe you. Believe it yourself. Even if you've just been turned down for three jobs, remind yourself that you got three interviews and you can get three more.
Stay in touch with colleagues and friends from your former workplace. Of course people don't stop being friends with people they used to work with. But when you're unemployed, that daily camaraderie is gone. "Let's get together for drinks one of these days" is now the reality instead of seeing Mark or Helen at the next desk every day—and sharing news of daily life as well as of the work to be done. One of the most painful aspects of not getting up and going to work every day is missing people who were fun to be around.
That's why it's so important that you stay in touch with your work friends. Number one, if you lost your job as the result of a layoff, they are probably stressed and worried about keeping their own job; or if they got laid off too, they're as worried about finding a new one as Stress management - 11 tips to help you sail through your job search
by Richard Bayer, Ph.D.
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you are. In either case they may need a friend like you to talk to. Also, having worked with you, they'll be able to provide you with some positive reinforcement on your down days and remind you of your past achievements.
Treat your job search like a job. After many years of catching the 7:35 train or driving the morning commute and putting in eight- or ten-hour days, the lack of that routine can be disorienting. As much as we wish we could sleep late more often, as much as we welcome three- or four-day holiday weekends, our lives are structured around work schedules, whether it's nine-to-five or some other shift. When people are robbed of such routines, they can feel that they've been cut loose.
The best way to overcome the shell shock of losing your daily routine is to create a new one. If you've been laid off, treat your job search as your new job. After all, between the résumé updating, scanning want ads, and networking, there's plenty to be done. Providing yourself with the day-to-day structure you're so familiar with will help you keep your sanity and get going in your job search more quickly.
Exercise regularly and keep a healthy lifestyle. Regular physical exercise and a healthy diet help to reduce tension and stress. If your former routine involved going to the gym and you can still afford it, keep going. Or if you've given up your gym membership, a half-hour walk every day will do the trick on a budget. Keep an eye on what you're eating as well. If you're depressed, it's probably easier to order takeout or go for fast food instead of cooking, but this is not the time to neglect good nutrition.
Healthy foods give you energy and keep you well. And you'll need both to be successful in the job market. And of course, if you consistently eat the wrong things, you'll gain weight—which is not only depressing but also prevents you from looking your best in your interview suit.
Despite the worries, take time to enjoy the change of pace. Being freed from the nine-to-five grind means you finally have time to slow down and take stock of what you really want to achieve in your life. Many people have been charging ahead so intensely, so relentlessly, for so many years and putting up with demands and environments that drag them down that they haven't noticed they've strayed off course. Unemployment can be a time to think about your life and plot course corrections. Some of the questions you'll want to consider as you plan your job search are as follows:
What matters to me the most?
What do I want to do differently?
What hasn't worked for me in the past?
What was my own role (if any) in my job loss? What can I do better the next time?
How am I taking care of myself?
Serious deliberation of these questions can be liberating and energizing. And they

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Information technology

Information technology
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This article includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (February 2008)

Information and communication technology spending in 2005
Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware."[1] IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely retrieve information.
Today, the term information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term has become very recognizable. The information technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as the management and administration of entire systems.
When computer and communications technologies are combined, the result is information technology, or "infotech". Information Technology (IT) is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information. Presumably, when speaking of Information Technology (IT) as a whole, it is noted that the use of computers and information are associated.
The term Information Technology (IT) is sometimes said to have been coined by Jim Domsic of Michigan in November 1981.[citation needed] Domsic, who worked as a computer manager for an automotive related industry, is supposed to have created the term to modernize the outdated phrase "data processing". The Oxford English Dictionary, however, in defining information technology as "the branch of technology concerned with the dissemination, processing, and storage of information, esp. by means of computers" provides an illustrative quote from the year 1958 (Leavitt & Whisler in Harvard Business Rev. XXXVI. 41/1 "The new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology.") that predates the so-far unsubstantiated Domsic coinage.
In recent years ABET and the ACM have collaborated to form accreditation and curriculum standards for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study separate from both Computer Science and Information Systems. SIGITE is the ACM working group for defining these standards.